Drama And Theatre
The question asked is 'what is drama?' Can we truly define it? Is there
a'textbook' definition of something that can be so personal? What is drama
in
relation to theatre? Why is drama so important? What are its uses, its
aims?
Some have said that drama develops self-esteem and encourages
creativity and
imagination. This is true, and will be demonstrated through
examples from
personal experiences. Usually the first thing that occurs in a
drama class is
that someone will ask for a definition of the word drama. Most
of the class will
look away, as if in deep thought praying that they are not
called on, because
they do not know the answer. At first glance, it seems a
simple question, but as
one begins to delve into the true nature of drama,
the answer is not so cut and
dry. For some, drama is a type of television
show, such as a hospital or lawyer
show. For others, it is that section of
the movie rental place where all 'chick
flicks' are. For still others, drama
means Sophocles, Euripides, and Aeschylus.
For teachers, drama means all
and none of these things. A clear definition is
needed in order to lead the
students in various activities, and towards various
goals. What good is it to
have the students explore within themselves if the
teacher does not know what
the aim or direction of the exploration is? Many
teachers claim that their
purpose of drama is to develop the child's sense of
self. This however is
slightly vague. Most people in education strive for this
in one way or
another. Bettering the child in body mind and spirit is a general
goal for
teachers, so this idea is not particular to drama. So then, what
exactly is
drama? There is one school of thought that defines it as "an
expressive
process which is best understood through the idea of symbolization
and its
role in the discovery and communication of meaning"(McGregor 24).
This is
an accurate definition, as it also goes on to explain that drama
is'multi-faceted' and that he child gains experience through
"voice,
language, the body as prime means of expression; and the associated
media of
light, sound and space"(McGregor 24). I have had many opportunities
to
participate in dramatic activities, and to express myself in different
ways. One
such activity I engaged in was a dance drama while attending my
final year of
high school in Toledo. The song was entitled 'Forever Young'
and it was about
growing up and growing old without knowing one's place in
life, without ever
being happy. The melody was almost regretful in tone, and
the lyrics were
pleading in nature. At this point in time, I was two months
away from
graduation, about to leave the place I had called home for five
years. I was not
yet ready to leave my youth and enter into the unknown world
of university. I
was afraid, reluctant, and introspective, much like the
protagonist of the song.
Through dance, two other girls and I expressed
our feelings on graduation. We
used gentle movements; always aware of the
softness of the angles our bodies
were making. The arms were always curved,
the head rolling into positions, as
opposed to jerking. The lights were
dimmed, with only a pale, white light
focused on the center of the stage,
giving it a bit of a glow. Since we had
three characters, we decided to act
out three stages in life: the child, the
teenager, and the adult. The child
was dancing in the center of the stage,
playing with the light, dancing with
imaginary friends, happy, carefree,
oblivious to its surroundings, and
interested only in the moment. The teenager
was standing just beyond the
light of childhood, attempting to interact with the
child, but never actually
crossing the light. She would circle around it, look
inward with longing,
then turn with her back to the light, facing adulthood with
fear and
trepidation. She would take a few steps in one direction, then turn the
other
way, and take a few more steps, as if she were lost and confused, like in
a
maze. She could always see the child behind her, but not the adult in front
of
her. The teenager's movements were mostly turns, implying confusion,
and
constant changes of direction. The adult was seated on the edge of the
stage,
watching the action. She began as an observer, as if remembering her
past, but
as the dance continued, she would stand up, walk around a little,
then sit back
down again, making good use of levels, but never distracting
from the main
action. The adult was reminiscent; she watched and reacted to
the other two as
if reliving her time as a teenager and her apprehensions on
growing up. We were
expressing our fears and worries through body movements
and non-verbal
expressions. Each of us had the chance to play all three
roles, so we could
experience three different emotions. Switching around like
that allowed us to
see the issue from different points of view. After this
experience, we all felt
a little more at ease with the transition we were
about to make and ourselves.
By expressing our fears, we had overcome
them. When developing one's self
through drama, there are a number of things
one can concentrate on. The first is
the senses. By using all of one's
senses, whether each by itself or all at once,
one begins to explore
themselves and one's surroundings in greater detail than
ever before. One
becomes more aware of the physical world, i.e. the sound of the
wind through
the grass, the taste of a hand, and this leads to being more
socially aware
in the future. The senses are heightened, allowing the individual
to be more
perceptive around others and therefore have better relations in the
adult
world. Another aspect one can concentrate on is body movement and
non-verbal
communication. We say so much about ourselves through body language.
If
we can learn to control each part of our bodies and the movements it
may
make, we can be more in control of our lives. How we use our bodies is
what we
are most judged on by others. If we are aware of what messages our
bodies are
sending we can manipulate these messages. By performing such
activities as mime,
tableaux, and mirror imaging we can learn to restrain any
unnecessary movement
and to make the most minuscule action mean so much.
Focus and concentration also
plays a large part in drama. Each person
involved in the group must not only
focus on what he/she is doing but also on
what the group as a whole is doing. It
is only through focusing on the tack
at hand that any dramatic activity may be
completed. One must block out all
outside stimuli and distraction and
concentrate on what is required of them.
The rhythmic skipping exercise required
the class to skip in time to the
music, to skip in time to each other and to
follow the commands of the
teacher at the same time. Personal feelings are not
the only subject for
drama. Drama can be used to introduce the student to a
number of different
topics, be it historical, political, scientific, or
artistic. A variety of
situations can be concocted, allowing the child to
"explore his actual social
relationships at the real level, and an
unlimited number of hypothetical
roles and attitudes at the symbolic
level"(McGregor 24). By experimenting
with various roles in society, the
child becomes better prepared to face
these challenges in the real world. As
well, by allowing him/herself to
experience things as a different personality
and by letting the imagination
grow free, the teacher is building up the child's
confidence in him/herself
and the validity of their own ideas and feelings. The
child is now more
perceptive to the needs and feelings of others, having
portrayed many
different types of people. This fits in nicely with Gavin
Bolton's
definition of dramatic action as "a tool for learning that rests
in its
capacity (1) to separate and objectify an event and (2) to break
down
established concepts and perceptions" (142). At the beginning of
the
course, we performed a few activities that illustrated this point. By
using all
of our senses, or deliberating inhibiting one of them, we as
individuals were
able to break down pre-established ideas about our
environment and our fellow
classmates. The objective given to us was to
observe your own hand using all
seven senses, i.e. sight, sound, smell,
taste, touch, beauty and humour. I had
never before taken so much time to
explore any part of myself. In the past, I
had always considered my hands as
small and wrinkly, in fact I find all hands
revolting. To me, hands had
always been the filthiest part of the body, as they
consistently were exposed
to all kinds of germs. My hands were especially ugly.
I had crosshatched
lines covering my palms. During this exercise, I stared
intently at my hands
for a good ten minutes, following the lines up and down the
palm, taking
detours on the smaller lines; it looked like the road map of a
large
metropolitan city. I took time to notice that my hands were soft and
smooth,
the pads of my fingers were fleshy, but the bones of my fingers
were
pronounced and stiff. I noticed the difference between the first joint
of one
finger I had broken and one that I had not. When I listened to my
hand, it
sounded like the ocean. It was then that I discovered that my hand
was no longer
a hand, but a seashell instead. All along, I thought that my
hand was ugly and
useless, but drama had helped me to overcome my prejudices
to see that I truly
had something beautiful. This also occurred when I had
the opportunity to
compare my hand with someone else's. We told each other
the story of our hands,
and I actually could see the tree and its leaves on
her hand. We were using
drama to learn more about each other and to correct
any prejudices we may have
had against the other. The other exercise we
participated in also occurred near
the beginning of the semester. One of each
pair of students was blindfolded and
the other had to lead them around the
vicinity, exploring familiar territory in
a different light. I led my partner
to the reservoir to walk through the grass
and to explore the stone walls
along Elm. I had always considered the 'res' to
be a dangerous place;
somewhere I should never walk through at night. This time
however, while
leading my partner under archways and along the bike path, I
discovered
things I had never seen before. In the alcoves, there were large
stone
columns and intricate spider webs as large as picture windows. We found
a
tiny ditch filled with beautifully coloured leaves running alongside the
field.
What was even more wonderful was that she was discovering all that
I was, but
without seeing them. When I took off her blindfold, she could not
believe where
she had just been. My turn was next to be blindfolded. My
partner led me down
Main Street to Elm through the long grass at the side
of the road. We then
walked along Elm, taking a detour through the slight
embankment leading up to
the apartment buildings. I felt a number of
seemingly foreign objects, including
a bubble-like structure which I later
found out was a window, and some sweet
smelling flowers. On a regular day, I
would walk by this area at least four
times and never before had I seen the
things I had just explored with six of my
senses. Drama had helped me to see
my surroundings in a different light, in fact
without seeing at all. What I
had established previously as an ugly building
with an overgrown lawn became
a refuge for Mother Nature in the middle of an
urban apartment complex. Drama
had truly broken my preconceived notions to show
something beautiful. Drama
is a very strong force in my life; it has determined
the course of my
development as a child. It is unfortunate however, that drama
has not always
existed in the way we know it as today. Agreed, throughout
history there has
always been some form of dramatic expression, but drama as an
educational
tool is a fairly recent development. In the early 1950s, a man
named
Peter Slade wrote a book entitled Child Drama. The world was
changing; people's
perceptions were changing. Children were finally seen as
people who needed to be
nurtured, directed, guided. Unfortunately, there were
still some groups who felt
that the traditional outlook (drama with an
audience) was the way to go. Slade
was advocating drama for personal
development. He stated that he sees
"formal theatre as a final stage in a
child's development"(Bolton 22).
Many traditionalists extrapolated from
this statement that he was anti-theatre.
He was not anti-theatre, he
merely felt that not all activities had to be
performed; some were for
self-exploration only. He wanted to turn away from the
formalised styles
designed to make all children sound like 'little adults' and
turn back to the
natural direction that children wanted to take. Slade stood for'personal
circles' and 'child-centred activity' and individualisation. It was
not until
Dorothy Heathcote came along that the focus went back to the
"importance of
the collective experience and in doing so brought again to
the fore the
possibility of group members becoming united in their shared
response to
dramatic symbols"(Bolton 31). Dorothy Heathcote concentrated on
the material
objects that the drama was based on. She took a scientific
approach; to her
"the material objects of the world provide the common
source of" the
scientist's view of knowledge (Bolton 59). Content is very
important to her;
the action must be focused on some topic or object. The child
will be aware
of the object and by examining and exploring it, he/she will
celebrate it.
Brian Way, another celebrated dramatist, has a different view of
drama and
development from Dorothy Heathcote. He is very close associate of
Peter
Slade, and hence their styles are similar. Way tried to educate teachers
to
understand that children were capable of more than just clowning around on
a
stage. They could reach into themselves and explore feelings such as sorrow
and
pain. There are four things that Brian Way concentrated on: (1) the
individual,
(2) exercises, (3) expanding horizons of what may be included in
a drama lesson
and (4) intuition. Some teachers who felt as if they had to
train each child by
itself and who subsequently ignored the group
unfortunately misconstrued his
work on the importance of the individual. Way
included in his books a number of
exercises that teachers could use as a
starting point for their classes. These
exercises consisted of instructions
that the teacher would continually give to
the students which "put the
teacher almost entirely in control, it also
invites a particular kind of
mental disposition from the
participants"(Bolton 48). He also strove to
include a number of topics into
creative drama, in order to teach the
children about as many aspects of life as
possible. He incorporates all these
ideas into one phrase, his definition of the
function of drama: "[leading]
the enquirer to moments of direct experience,
transcending mere knowledge,
enriching the imagination, possibly touching the
heart and soul as well as
the mind"(Way 1). I believe that Way's definition
of drama is the one I most
agree with. For me, drama has always allowed me to
become characters that I
would never play in real life. Play-acting has made me
more creative; I can
use my imagination to its full potential, as I no longer
feel threatened by
an audience. I have always found play-acting and other
creative drama
exercises to be therapeutic whenever I was distressed. By
interacting with
others in the group I have developed an appreciation for the
mind and for the
spirit. My view of society has changed; each one of us has a
place in it, and
it is up to the individual to define that place, however it is
the duty of
the group to adapt to each individual. This is the only way to lead
a
successful and happy life outside of the classroom, in the real world.
Works
Cited Bolton, Gavin. Drama as Education: An argument for placing
Drama at the
centre of the curriculum.
Bibliography
Longman
Group Limited, 1984. McGregor, Lynn, Maggie Tate, and Ken
Robinson.
Learning Through Drama. London: Heinemann Educational Books
Ltd., 1977. Slade,
Peter. Child Drama. London: University of London Press
Ltd., 1954 Way, Brian.
Development Through Drama. London: Longman Group
Limited, 1967.