US Airlines
Deregulation of the U.S. airline industry
has resulted in ticket prices dropping
by a third, on an inflation-adjusted
basis. As a result some 1.6 million people
fly on 4,000 aircraft every day.
Airlines carried 643 million passengers in
1998, a 25% increase over 1993
and the FAA estimates that the nation¡¦s
airline system will have to
accommodate 917 million passengers by the year 2008.
The growth in air
travel threatens to overwhelm the presently inadequate air
traffic control
system, which has not kept pace with available technology in
navigation,
communications, and flight surveillance. Much of the equipment used
for air
traffic control today is based on fifty-year-old technology; for
example,
analog simplex voice links for communications and ground-based radar
for
surveillance, and VHF Omnidirectional Range/Distance Measuring Equipment
(VOR/DME)
for navigation. The lack of system automation imposes heavy
workloads on human
air traffic controllers and increases the risk of
accidents in heavy traffic
situations. Capacity limits are being reached in
both airports and airspace,
with congestion delays in departure and arrival
schedules reaching record
numbers. Funds to upgrade the air traffic control
system are available in the
trust fund created to receive the tax applied to
airline passenger tickets and
the tax on fuel for general aviation. The
General Accounting Office says
modernizing the air traffic control system
will cost at least 17 billion for
just the first 5 years of the FAA¡¦s
15-year National Airspace System
improvement plan. It is the NAS that
provides the services and infrastructure
for air transportation. Air
transportation represents 6% of the Nation¡¦s
gross domestic product, so the
NAS is a critical element of our national
economy. Given the size of the NAS,
the task ahead is enormous. Our NAS includes
more than 18,300 airports, 21
air route traffic control centers, over 460 air
traffic control towers and 75
flight service stations, and approximately 4,500
air navigation facilities.
The NAS spans the country, extends into the oceans,
and interfaces with
neighboring air traffic control systems for international
flights. The NAS
relies on approximately 30,000 FAA employees to provide air
traffic control,
flight service, security, and field maintenance services. More
than 616,000
active pilots operating over 280,000 commercial, regional, general
aviation
and military aircraft use the NAS. On March 11, 1999, the FAA released
the
NAS Architecture Version 4.0 to the public. Key influences on
the
architecture include the 1996 White House Commission on Aviation Safety
and
Security, which recommended that the FAA accelerate modernization of
the NAS,
and the 1997 National Civil Aviation Review Commission, which
recommended
funding and performance management methods for implementing NAS
modernization.
It describes the agency¡¦s modernization strategy from
1998 through 2015.
Based on the Free Flight operational concept, Version
4.0 contains capabilities,
technologies, and systems to enhance the safety of
the aviation system and
provide users and service providers with more
efficient services. Free Flight
centers on allowing pilots, whenever
practical, to choose the optimum flight
profile. This concept of operations
is expected to decrease user costs, improve
airspace flexibility, and remove
flight restrictions. The NAS Architecture is
divided into three modernization
phases and its implementation is being
synchronized with the International
Civil Aviation Organization to ensure
interoperability and global
integration. „h Phase 1 (1998-2002) focuses on
sustaining essential air
traffic control services and delivering early user
benefits. Free Flight
Phase 1 will be implemented. Controller computer
workstations will begin
major upgrades. Satellite-based navigation systems will
be deployed, and
air-to-air surveillance will be introduced. The ¡§Year 2000¡¨
computer
problem will hopefully be fixed. „h Phase 2 (2003-2007) concentrates
on
deploying the next generation of communications, navigation and
surveillance
(CNS) equipment and the automation upgrades necessary to
accommodate new CNS
capabilities. Satellite-based navigation systems will be
further augmented in
local areas for more precise approaches. New digital
radios that maximize the
spectrum channels will be installed. As users equip,
automatic dependent
surveillance ground equipment will be installed to extend
air traffic control
surveillance services to non-radar areas. Tools from
Phase 1 will be deployed
throughout the NAS and upgraded as necessary. „h
Phase 3 (2008-2015) completes
the required infrastructure and integration of
automation advancements with the
new CNS technologies, enabling additional
Free Flight capabilities throughout
the NAS. Two important features will be
NAS-wide information sharing among users
and service providers and
¡§four-dimensional¡¨ flight profiles that utilize
longitudinal and lateral
positions and trajectories as a function of time. The
goals for modernizing
the NAS are based on improving: „h Safety ¡V such as
better weather
information in the cockpit and on controller displays. „h
Accessibility
¡V such as instrument approaches to many more airports. „h
Flexibility ¡V
such as allowing users to select and fly desired routes.
„h
Predictability ¡V such as meeting flight schedules even in adverse
weather
conditions. „h Capacity ¡V such as increasing aircraft arrival rates
to
airports. „h Efficiency ¡V such as saving fuel by reducing taxing
times
to/from the runways. „h Security ¡V such as controlling access to
facilities
and critical information systems. The NAS Architecture is
essential to the FAA
and the aviation community because it provides the most
detailed guide ever for
planning operations and making NAS-related investment
decisions. The Blueprint
and Version 4.0 will be updated in response to
changing needs, research results,
new technology, and funding. NAS
modernization involves providing new systems to
enhance capabilities and
services for users. Modernization also includes making
the critical
infrastructure of air traffic control services easier and more
cost-effective
to operate and maintain. Critical infrastructure includes:
„h
Communications, navigation/landing and radar surveillance systems „h
Weather
detection and reporting equipment „h Air traffic control computers
and
displays for controllers „h Power generation and backup systems „h
Air
traffic control facilities sustainment Here is a brief summary of key
NAS
systems/capabilities and their architectural improvements:
Communications
Aviation communications systems will be upgraded,
integrating systems into a
seamless network using digital technology for
voice and data. During the
transition, the FAA will continue to support
analog voice communications. A
major improvement will be controller-pilot
data link communications (CPDLC),
which introduces electronic data exchange
between controllers and the cockpit
and reduces voice-channel congestion.
Navigation Over the next 10 years, the
navigation system is expected to use
satellites augmented by ground monitoring
stations to provide navigation
signal coverage throughout the NAS. Reliance on
ground-based navigation aids
is expected to decline as satellite navigation
provides equivalent levels of
service. The transition to satellite-based
navigation consists of: „h Use of
the global positioning system (GPS) as a
supplemental system for en route
navigation and non-precision approaches. „h
Deployment of the wide area
augmentation system (WAAS) to augment GPS for
primary means en route
navigation and precision approaches. WAAS will be
deployed in stages by
adding ground reference stations, with operational
capability improving in
each stage. „h Deployment of a local area augmentation
system (LAAS) to
augment GPS for precision approaches in low visibility
conditions.
Surveillance Surveillance in the future NAS will provide increased
coverage
in non-radar areas and includes aircraft-to-aircraft capabilities for
greater
situation awareness. The NAS Architecture calls for gradual transition
from
current radar systems to digital radar and automatic dependent
surveillance
(ADS). Aviation Weather The NAS Architecture contains improved
ways to collect,
process, transmit, and display weather information to users
and providers,
during flight planning and in flight. The goal is to give NAS
providers and
users depictions of weather information and provide more
weather data in the
cockpit to enhance common situation awareness. Avionics
Avionics will evolve to
take advantage of new communications, navigation, and
surveillance-related
technologies in the NAS Architecture, including: „h New
multi-mode digital
radios for voice and data communications among pilots,
controllers and various
ground facilities. „h Digital communications
technology that increases
available voice channel capacity and provides a
data link which enables
instructions, flight information services, and
graphical weather data to be sent
directly to the cockpit. Free Flight Phase
1 New tools that give controllers,
planners and service operators more
complete information about air traffic
control and flight operations comprise
a large part of the NAS Architecture¡¦s
near-term plan. Some of these tools
are embodied in a program called Free Flight
Phase 1 Select
Capability/Limited Deployment. The Free Flight 1 tools are: „h
User
request evaluation tool/core capability limited deployment (URET CCLD) ¡V
an
automated tool that assists en route controllers in identifying conflicts
up
to 20 minutes in advance of their occurrence. „h Traffic management
advisor (TMA)
single center ¡V an automated tool that assists en route radar
controllers with
sequencing aircraft to terminal areas. „h Passive final
approach spacing tool
(pFAST) ¡V an automated tool designed to work in
conjunction with TMA to help
controllers assign runways and sequence aircraft
according to user preferences
and airport capacity. „h Collaborative
decision-making (CDM) ¡V a real-time
exchange of flight plan and system
constraints data between the FAA and airline
operations centers in order to
work collaboratively to better manage NAS
traffic. „h Surface movement
advisor (SMA) ¡V a system that provides
information sharing to airline and
airport personnel who plan and manage the
sequence of taxi out and plan for
arrivals in the ramp and gate areas at larger
airports. Automation
Infrastructure Free Flight Phase 1 tools and other future
tools depend on
infrastructure improvements already underway, such as the
display system
replacement (DSR), standard terminal automation replacement
system (STARS)
and host/oceanic computer system replacement (HOCSR), to operate.
DSR
provides new controller workstations and a network infrastructure for the
air
route traffic control centers (ARTCC). DSR has the capability to show
weather
data from the next generation weather radar. STARS is the new
terminal
workstation that will interface with the new sequencing and spacing
tools and
the advanced communications, navigation, surveillance and weather
systems. HOCSR
replaces the host and oceanic processors and peripherals at
the ARTCCs to solve
immediate hardware supportability problems. Since the
early 1980s, efforts by
the FAA to modernize the air traffic control system
have experienced lengthy
schedule delays and substantial cost overruns. There
is a belief held by many
that the above procurement and personnel reforms,
while useful, are not likely
to change the FAA¡¦s bureaucratic corporate
culture. And they do not address
the inherent problems of the ATC system
being part of the federal budget
process, subject to external
micromanagement, and subject to a conflict of
interest between safety
regulation and ATC operations. They believe the United
States should
follow the example of Britain, Germany, Switzerland and most
recently,
Canada, in fundamentally restructuring air traffic control. It is
their
opinion that a not-for-profit user-controlled, user-funded corporation is
the
best way to address the ATC system¡¦s fundamental problems. We find
ourselves
with a system that currently runs on obsolete and failure-prone
equipment
such as 1960s mainframe computers, equipment dependent on vacuum
tubes, and
radar between twenty and thirty years old. The FAA maintains safety
margins
by artificially increasing the spacing between flights, imposing ground
holds
and using other techniques that reduce system capacity. The airlines
alone
waste $3 billion a year in fuel and crew time due to the delays.
Wasted
passenger time is estimated at several billion dollars more. The
FAA¡¦s
National Airspace System Architecture Version 4.0 looks very
impressive on
paper, but given their track record in regards to
modernization, maybe we should
be looking at alternatives to a thinly
stretched bureaucracy.